Disease: Heart Disease and Cardiac Catheterization

    Cardiac catheterization (also called cardiac cath or coronary angiogram) is an invasive imaging procedure that tests for heart disease by allowing your doctor to see how well your heart is functioning. During the test, a long, narrow tube, called a catheter, is inserted into a blood vessel in your arm or leg and guided to your heart with the aid of a special X-ray machine. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter so that X-ray movies of your valves, coronary arteries, and heart chambers can be created.

    Why Do I Need a Cardiac Catheterization?

    Your doctor uses cardiac cath to:

    • Evaluate or confirm the presence of heart disease (such as coronary artery disease, heart valve disease, or disease of the aorta).
    • Evaluate heart muscle function.
    • Determine the need for further treatment (such as an interventional procedure or bypass surgery).
    • At many hospitals, several interventional, or therapeutic, procedures to open blocked arteries are performed after the diagnostic part of the cardiac catheterization is complete. Interventional procedures include balloon angioplasty and stent placements.

    What Are the Risks Associated With Cardiac Catheterization?

    Cardiac catheterization is generally safe. However, as with any invasive procedure, there are risks. Special precautions are taken to decrease these risks. Your doctor will discuss the risks of the procedure with you.

    Risks are rare but can include:

    • Bleeding around the point of puncture
    • Abnormal heart rhythms
    • Blood clots
    • Infection
    • Allergic reaction to the dye
    • Stroke
    • Heart attack
    • Perforation of a blood vessel
    • Air embolism (introduction of air into a blood vessel, which can be life-threatening)

    Be sure to ask your doctor any questions you may have before undergoing cardiac catheterization or other tests for heart disease.

    © 2005-2015 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
    Source article on WebMD

    How Should I Prepare for Cardiac Catheterization?

    Before cardiac catheterization, most people will need to have a routine chest X-ray, blood tests, electrocardiogram, and urinalysis performed within two weeks before having the test.

    You can wear whatever you like to the hospital. You will wear a hospital gown during the procedure.

    Leave all valuables at home. If you normally wear dentures, glasses, or a hearing device, plan to wear them during the procedure.

    Your doctor or nurse will give you specific instructions about what you can and cannot eat or drink before the procedure.

    Tell your doctor all of the medications you are currently taking, including herbal preparations and dietary supplements.

    Ask your doctor what medications should be taken on the day of your test. You may be told to stop taking certain medications, such as Coumadin (a blood thinner), for a few days before the procedure.

    Learn more about: Coumadin

    If you have diabetes, ask your doctor how to adjust your diabetes medications the day of your cardiac cath.

    Tell your doctor and/or nurses if you are allergic to anything, especially iodine, shellfish, X-ray dye, latex, or rubber products (such as rubber gloves or balloons) or penicillin-type medications.

    You may or may not return home the day of your procedure. Bring items with you (such as a robe, slippers, and toothbrush) to make your stay more comfortable. When you are able to return home, arrange for someone to bring you home.

    © 2005-2015 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
    Source article on WebMD

    How Long Does Cardiac Catheterization Last?

    Cardiac catheterization usually takes about 30 minutes, but the preparation and recovery time add several hours. You should plan on being at the hospital all day for the procedure.

    What Happens During Cardiac Catheterization?

    You will be given a hospital gown to wear during your cardiac catheterization. A nurse will start an intravenous (IV) line in your arm so that medications and fluids can be administered through your vein during the procedure.

    The cardiac catheterization room is cool and dimly lit. You will lie on a special table. If you look above, you will see a large camera and several TV monitors. You can watch the pictures of your cardiac cath on the monitors.

    The nurse will clean your skin (and possibly shave) the site where the catheter will be inserted (arm or groin). Sterile drapes are used to cover the site and help prevent infection. It is important that you keep your arms and hands down at your sides and not disturb the drapes.

    Electrodes (small, flat, sticky patches) will be placed on your chest. The electrodes are attached to an electrocardiogram (ECG) machine that charts your heart's electrical activity.

    A urinary catheter may be necessary for the procedure.

    You will be given a mild sedative to help you relax, but you will be awake and conscious during the entire procedure. The doctor will use a local anesthetic to numb the catheter insertion site.

    If the catheter is to be inserted into your arm (at the bend of the elbow, called the "brachial," or in the wrist, called the "radial" approach), a local anesthetic will be injected into a vein in your arm to numb the area. A needle will be placed inside the artery and then a wire advanced to the aorta. The catheter will then be advanced over the wire. Although you may feel pressure as the sheath and catheter are inserted, you should not feel pain. Tell your health care providers if you do feel pain.

    If the catheter is to be inserted at the groin (called the "femoral" approach), a local anesthetic will be injected to numb the area. A small incision will be made over the blood vessel through which the catheter and introducer sheath will be inserted. The catheter will be inserted through the sheath and threaded to the arteries of your heart. Again, if you feel pain, tell your health care providers.

    When the catheter is in place, the lights will be dimmed and a small amount of dye (or "contrast material") will be injected through the catheters into your arteries and heart chambers. The contrast material outlines the vessels, valves, and chambers.

    When the contrast material is injected into your heart, you may feel hot or flushed for several seconds. This is normal and will go away in a few seconds. Please tell the doctor or nurses if you feel itching or tightness in the throat, nausea, chest discomfort, or any other symptoms.

    The X-ray camera will be used to take photographs of the arteries and heart chambers. Your doctor may ask you to take a deep breath, hold your breath, or to cough during the procedure. You will be asked to hold your breath while the X-rays are taken. When all the photos have been taken, the catheter will be removed and the lights will be turned on.

    © 2005-2015 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
    Source article on WebMD

    How Should I Prepare for Cardiac Catheterization?

    Before cardiac catheterization, most people will need to have a routine chest X-ray, blood tests, electrocardiogram, and urinalysis performed within two weeks before having the test.

    You can wear whatever you like to the hospital. You will wear a hospital gown during the procedure.

    Leave all valuables at home. If you normally wear dentures, glasses, or a hearing device, plan to wear them during the procedure.

    Your doctor or nurse will give you specific instructions about what you can and cannot eat or drink before the procedure.

    Tell your doctor all of the medications you are currently taking, including herbal preparations and dietary supplements.

    Ask your doctor what medications should be taken on the day of your test. You may be told to stop taking certain medications, such as Coumadin (a blood thinner), for a few days before the procedure.

    Learn more about: Coumadin

    If you have diabetes, ask your doctor how to adjust your diabetes medications the day of your cardiac cath.

    Tell your doctor and/or nurses if you are allergic to anything, especially iodine, shellfish, X-ray dye, latex, or rubber products (such as rubber gloves or balloons) or penicillin-type medications.

    You may or may not return home the day of your procedure. Bring items with you (such as a robe, slippers, and toothbrush) to make your stay more comfortable. When you are able to return home, arrange for someone to bring you home.

    © 2005-2015 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
    Source article on WebMD

    How Long Does Cardiac Catheterization Last?

    Cardiac catheterization usually takes about 30 minutes, but the preparation and recovery time add several hours. You should plan on being at the hospital all day for the procedure.

    What Happens During Cardiac Catheterization?

    You will be given a hospital gown to wear during your cardiac catheterization. A nurse will start an intravenous (IV) line in your arm so that medications and fluids can be administered through your vein during the procedure.

    The cardiac catheterization room is cool and dimly lit. You will lie on a special table. If you look above, you will see a large camera and several TV monitors. You can watch the pictures of your cardiac cath on the monitors.

    The nurse will clean your skin (and possibly shave) the site where the catheter will be inserted (arm or groin). Sterile drapes are used to cover the site and help prevent infection. It is important that you keep your arms and hands down at your sides and not disturb the drapes.

    Electrodes (small, flat, sticky patches) will be placed on your chest. The electrodes are attached to an electrocardiogram (ECG) machine that charts your heart's electrical activity.

    A urinary catheter may be necessary for the procedure.

    You will be given a mild sedative to help you relax, but you will be awake and conscious during the entire procedure. The doctor will use a local anesthetic to numb the catheter insertion site.

    If the catheter is to be inserted into your arm (at the bend of the elbow, called the "brachial," or in the wrist, called the "radial" approach), a local anesthetic will be injected into a vein in your arm to numb the area. A needle will be placed inside the artery and then a wire advanced to the aorta. The catheter will then be advanced over the wire. Although you may feel pressure as the sheath and catheter are inserted, you should not feel pain. Tell your health care providers if you do feel pain.

    If the catheter is to be inserted at the groin (called the "femoral" approach), a local anesthetic will be injected to numb the area. A small incision will be made over the blood vessel through which the catheter and introducer sheath will be inserted. The catheter will be inserted through the sheath and threaded to the arteries of your heart. Again, if you feel pain, tell your health care providers.

    When the catheter is in place, the lights will be dimmed and a small amount of dye (or "contrast material") will be injected through the catheters into your arteries and heart chambers. The contrast material outlines the vessels, valves, and chambers.

    When the contrast material is injected into your heart, you may feel hot or flushed for several seconds. This is normal and will go away in a few seconds. Please tell the doctor or nurses if you feel itching or tightness in the throat, nausea, chest discomfort, or any other symptoms.

    The X-ray camera will be used to take photographs of the arteries and heart chambers. Your doctor may ask you to take a deep breath, hold your breath, or to cough during the procedure. You will be asked to hold your breath while the X-rays are taken. When all the photos have been taken, the catheter will be removed and the lights will be turned on.

    © 2005-2015 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
    Source article on WebMD

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